The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Based Disinformation on Popular Sovereignty and the Stability of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia

Rifky Astriansyah; Muhammad Alif Al-Athif; Anis Nur Laili

doi:10.56861/lexgnosis.v1i2.48

Authors

Rifky Astriansyah Brawijaya University
Muhammad Alif Al-Athif Brawijaya University
Anis Nur Laili The State Islamic University Of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56861/lexgnosis.v1i2.48

Keywords:

Constitutional democracy, popular sovereignty, disinformation, artificial intelligence (AI)

Abstract

Indonesia’s constitutional democracy is founded on the principle of popular sovereignty as stipulated in Article 1 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution, which affirms that the people are the highest source of legitimacy in state governance. However, the development of digital technology presents serious challenges to the implementation of this principle, particularly through the phenomenon of disinformation and artificial intelligence (AI)-based manipulation. The misuse of technologies such as deepfakes and biased algorithms has created a public sphere saturated with engineered information, causing public opinion to be shaped not by rational awareness but by digital manipulation. This condition has the potential to weaken popular sovereignty because the general will no longer reflects authentic public aspirations. Theoretically, this illustrates a deviation from the concept of volonte generale proposed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in which the true will of the people should arise from collective consciousness free from distortion. This research employs a normative legal research method with three main approaches: the statute approach to examine Article 28F of the 1945 Constitution and Law Number 1 of 2024, the second amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions; the conceptual approach to understand the relevance of the theory of popular sovereignty in the dynamics of the digital sphere; and the case approach by analyzing examples of AI-based hoaxes during public demonstrations that influenced public opinion. The findings indicate that Indonesian legal regulations are not yet fully responsive to the complexities of digital technological developments. Therefore, adaptive legal reform, enhanced public digital literacy, and strengthened legal accountability for the dissemination of disinformation are required to safeguard the integrity of democracy and popular sovereignty in the digital era.

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